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Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is still at its peak. As this infection is being studied, new diagnostic methods are emerging and existing ones are being optimized. The production of antibodies against a variety of SARS-CoV-2 antigens is being intensively studied to understand the basic mechanisms of humoral immunity and protective functions of antibodies. Purpose. To study dynamics of formation and maintenance of antibodies to three main antigens (S, N, M) of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Materials and methods. Seventy-five respondents with COVID-19 infection of different severity took part in the study: mild form – 22 persons, moderate form – 26 persons, severe form – 20 persons. Control group consisted of 7 seronegative sera collected from healthy volunteers. To confirm the presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 virus we used commercial test-systems manufactured by Vector-BEST "SARS-CoV-2-IgG-ELISA-BEST" (Russian Federation);"SARS-CoV-2-NP-ELISA-G" produced by Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology (Republic of Belarus);as well as newly developed immunoassay "home-made" lia-test (a nitrocellulose membrane with applied S, N, M antigens of SARS-CoV-2 virus). Results. Nine months after the disease, antibodies to S antigen persisted in 92.6% of respondents with a mild form of the disease, and in 100% of those with moderate and severe forms. The N antigen remains seropositive in 48.1%, 48% and 65% of patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19, respectively. Positive tests for M protein are 26%, 44%, and 55% with increasing severity of infection. Conclusion. Production of antibodies to S-, N-, and M-proteins of SARS-CoV-2 virus occurs with regard to individual characteristics of the immune system. By the end of 9 months of follow-up, the respondents with moderate and severe forms of coronavirus infection retained antibodies to S-protein in 100% of cases. For N-and M-proteins, significantly fewer seropositive respondents were detected (48%, 65%, and 44% 55%, respectively). Patients who had a mild form of infection retained antibodies to S, N, and M antigens in 92.6%, 48.1% and 26% of cases, respectively. Thus, antibodies to S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus, which, as a rule, is the main antigenic component of commercial test systems, persist in the human body for the longest time. © 2022, Professionalnye Izdaniya. All rights reserved.
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A wide variety of zoonotic viruses that can cross the interspecies barrier promote the emergence of new, potentially pandemic viruses in the human population that is often accompanied by the disappearance of existing circulating strains. Among the various reasons underlying this phenomenon is the strengthening of herd immunity by expanding the immune layer of population and improving means and methods of medical care. However, natura abhorret vacuum, and new pathogens come to replace disappearing ones. Over the past ten years, humanity has faced two pandemics: swine flu A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2009 and COVID-19 in 2019, providing scientists with a unique opportunity to learn more about a relationship between respiratory viruses and their pathogenesis. Together with viruses of pandemic significance, a large number of seasonal respiratory viruses circulate, which contribute to the structure of human morbidity, and coinfections aggravate the condition of the illness. In the conditions of the spread of new viruses with unexplored characteristics, in the absence of means of prevention and therapy, it is especially important to prevent the aggravation of morbidity due to mixed infections. Here we review the mutual involvement of pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and seasonal respiratory viruses in the epidemic process, discuss some issues related to their spread, potential causes affecting the spread and severity of the morbidity. The given facts testify to the existence of seasonality and temporal patterns of the beginning and end of respiratory viruses circulation. Interestingly, the beginning of circulation of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus led to a shift in the timing and intensity of circulation of some respiratory viruses, which is probably caused by existence of “replication conflicts” between them, and did not affect others. Coinfection with SARS-CoV-2-19 and other respiratory viruses, especially respiratory syncytial virus and rhinoviruses, was quite often observed. At the current stage, no aggravating effect of influenza on the course of COVID-19 in mixed infection has been established. Whether this is due to the mild course of influenza infection in the 2020 epidemic season, or the competitive impact of SARS-CoV-2 on influenza viruses is not yet clear. Experts are still at the stage of accumulating facts and working on creating means of effective prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus infection. © 2021 Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute. All rights reserved.
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The international AKTIV register presents a detailed description of out-and inpatients with COVID-19 in the Eurasian region. It was found that hospitalized patients had more comorbidities. In addition, these patients were older and there were more men than among outpatients. Among the traditional risk factors, obesity and hypertension had a significant negative effect on prognosis, which was more significant for patients 60 years of age and older. Among comorbidities, CVDs had the maximum negative effect on prognosis, and this effect was more significant for patients 60 years of age and older. Among other comorbidities, type 2 and 1 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer and anemia had a negative impact on the prognosis. This effect was also more significant (with the exception of type 1 diabetes) for patients 60 years and older. The death risk in patients with COVID-19 depended on the severity and type of multimorbidity. Clusters of diseases typical for deceased patients were identified and their impact on prognosis was determined. The most unfavorable was a cluster of 4 diseases, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus. The data obtained should be taken into account when planning measures for prevention (vaccination priority groups), treatment and rehabilitation of COVID-19 survivors.
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The organizer of the registers “Dynamics analysis of comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 survivors” (AKTIV) and “Analysis of hospitalizations of comorbid patients infected during the second wave of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak” (AKTIV 2) is the Eurasian Association of Therapists (EAT). Currently, there are no clinical registries in the Eurasian region designed to collect and analyze information on long-term outcomes of COVID-19 survivors with comorbid conditions. The aim of the register is to assess the impact of a novel coronavirus infection on long-term course of chronic non-communicable diseases 3, 6, 12 months after recovery, as well as to obtain information on the effect of comorbidity on the severity of COVID-19. Analysis of hospitalized patients of a possible second wave is planned for register “AKTIV 2”. To achieve this goal, the register will include men and women over 18 years of age diagnosed with COVID-19 who are treated in a hospital or in outpatient basis. The register includes 25 centers in 5 federal districts of the Russian Federation, centers in the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Moldova, and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The estimated capacity of the register is 5400 patients.
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